Differences in the Myths of the Toad, the Snake, and the Medicine

The Limba people of Africa live in different villages, and each village puts its own spin on the myths that are passed down from generation to generation. One of these myths focuses on the god Kanu making medicine to immortalize the Limba, and the destruction of that medicine by the toad. There are three versions of the myth of the destruction of the medicine, but they vary in several ways. The first myth, â€Å"The Toad Did Not Love Us,† suggests that the toad dropped the medicine Kanu gave him on purpose.Although most Biblical tales paint the snake as a dangerous creature, in this myth the snake loved the people. This myth implies that Kanu finds it strange that the people kill the snake, but not the toad, considering that the snake loved them. This myth is also different because it mentions the â€Å"white people,† so the reader can be fairly sure that this myth was either thought up after European colonization, or it was modified to add them. The second myth,  "The Toad and the Snake,† tells that Kanu wanted to save both animals and people.Again, the toad insisted on carrying the human portion, and again he spilled it, but not out of ill will. The snake carried his portion, and arrived with it safely. While this myth is still about why the people die, it also points out that snakes live forever because of their medicine. Perhaps this idea came from seeing molted snake skins. The skin might come off, but the snake lived forever. The last myth, â€Å"The Toad and Death,† is a short version of the same myth, but it only concentrates on how the snake and toad feel about each other.They are enemies because they perpetually argue about who should have carried the medicine. This is not because one loved the people more than the other. It is simply a rivalry that goes on for eternity. This myth serves more as an explanation of why snakes and toads do not get along rather than why people die. These three short myths show how stories c hange as they are passed around and told by different people with different influences. It is intriguing to see how one tribe could have such varied views on the same tale.

A Managerial Strategy Essay

The principal purpose and function of healthcare organizations is to ensure that their services. Above all their duties is geared towards caring for their patient’s health and emphasize the ability of the organization to serve their patients skillfully and responsibly. Further, they offer different types of services which include medical and behavioral health care services, accordingly, this includes public and community health care programs and in the contemporary scenario, corporate power. As a matter of fact, it has been stressed in The Well-Managed Healthcare Organization that in order to ensure that a healthcare organization is really doing its task of safeguarding the health of its patients (and not really attracting them to be its client), a health organization should improve the quality of its services (Griffith & White, 2006), which strengthens the argument of harnessing the managerial skills of healthcare practitioners. Moreover, it should also maintain a well-facilitated plant in which the patients are being accommodated.   Given with such instances, it highlights the perception that healthcare organizations are mandated to implement certain administrative methods to meet the mounting complications derived over by societal challenges (Griffith & White, 2006). One of the cited feasible and efficient techniques in achieving managerial success is proper organization of the activities and the developmental plan of the entity.   It is through the alignment of program objectives that the goals are obtained and prevents the rise of problems which deals with conflicts or miscommunication. If the programs are aligned well, then the members of the organization shall have a clear vision on what to expect, and oversee necessary changes so as to improve their performance.   Simple logic basically revolves in the verity of the strategy; common problems arise when the organization has no definite goals which lead to disorientation. Similar to that of business entities, healthcare practitioners must also take the challenge of facing the waves of managerial confrontations. Reference Griffith, J. R., & White, K. R. (2006). The Well-Managed Healthcare Organization (6th ed.). New York: Health Administration Press.

Research article Essay

Based upon your request, I have conducted a research article on a potential venture which our firs can introduce and invest in a developing country such as India. Due to a shortage of healthcare providers and the poor conditions of the healthcare system, many Indians were dying because of the delay in receiving medical treatment, because labor supply of health professionals is intensive in India, the launch of InstyMeds[R] should help significantly resolve these issues. Recently, a company named InstyMeds Corporation developed their first ATM-Style medication dispenser, â€Å"InstyMeds ®Ã¢â‚¬ , which can label and dispense containers of different shapes and size; most drug forms including tablets, liquids, creams and so forth.   InsteyMeds ® claim that the dispensers can issue medication in a faster, simpler and more convenient way compared to those of traditional drug stores. Moreover, these dispensers are user friendly with their touch screen operating systems. For example, once the patient has been seen, the doctor can simply issue the prescription via the InstyMeds ® system, therefore patients are only required to enter the barcode which has been assigned under their name for verification purposes. The dispenser takes care of the rest and the medication will be labeled and dispensed within five minutes [5]. It is an all-in-one dispensing process which can be done at the same hospital/clinic; patients will no longer have to endure waiting times for medications. Because health professionals are inadequate in India, this is the target sector for this firm to launch InstyMeds ®.   At present there is an unstable drugs delivery schedule and a shortage of health specialists, patients are required to wait longer time before they receive their treatment.   For instance, most of the developing countries have only one doctor and pharmacist per 160,000 people [2]. The absence of health care professionals limits the access of both hospitals and pharmacies to up-to-date medical information; this affects the quality of services.   Since the latest information regarding medication is not accessible to the majority of pharmacists, they are heavily dependent upon the inserted package leaflets used as sources of medical information [3]. To prevent pharmacists from engaging these kinds of practices, InstyMeds ® will be an advantageous approach to solving this. Based on the research, InstyMeds ® can greatly benefit India within three reasons: 1. InstyMeds ® would provide benefit to people in India: Installations of InstyMeds ® allows patients to obtain their medicine 24 hours a day, seven days a week. This service is favorable to patients as the local transportation system is not yet sufficiently developed in India. 2. InstyMeds ® means to Pharmacists: The company claim the dispensers will handle more than 100 prescriptions per day; this can reduce the work load of pharmacists and so it allows the hospital to become more flexible when allocating their manpower.   Moreover, InstyMeds ® internal system will prompt pharmacists to re-stock medicine when the dispensers are running out of drugs.   As a result, pharmacists will then have more time to consult patients with regards to the usage of drugs; this will reduce, if not eradicate medical errors and ideally deliver patients a better service. 3. InstyMeds ® will also benefit the Indian government; the available funds that support the healthcare service are constricted for India, and so the use of InstyMeds ® would be an economical way to allocate the resources of healthcare systems. In general, pharmacists often spend a quantity of time keeping track of drug expiration dates, selecting package and labeling, and maintaining stable inventories. InstyMeds ® can handle everything as mentioned above so instead of hiring new pharmacists, costs can be saved and used in building up the infrastructure. Before the InstyMeds ® becomes public, it is a great opportunity for this firm to donate some of the dispensers free of charge to some non profitable organization such as â€Å"Mà ©decins Sans Frontià ¨res†, this is an international humanitarian aid organization that provides emergency medical assistance to populations in danger; the organization operates in more than 70 countries. By offering InstyMeds ® to their organization, offers a gesture and a positive image for our company and will promote the dispenser at the same time. I believe the public will commonly use the dispenser in the near future and so it is a great idea for this firm to be the first company to launch it. InstyMeds ®, would be a new business venture of pharmaceutical services in the next ten years and this dispenser is not only beneficial to those people in India but profitable to our firm as well.   By investing capital into InstyMeds ® while offering free dispenser to the Mà ©decins Sans Frontià ¨res, it will develop an investment strategy, which can maximize both financial return and social benefit. InstyMeds ® would be considered a socially responsible investment; conveying goodwill to the public and eventually bringing up our service to the next level. When the use of InstyMeds ® is grounded, it will become a new profit center for the firm.

Risk Management Stratgic Framework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Risk Management Stratgic Framework - Essay Example Testing effectiveness is also a good method in determining whether or not risk management is creating a higher level of benefit in contrast to the costs of implementation. Performance management should include evaluation and the monitoring of the implementation strategy in order to continue assessing value of the methods of risk management that are being used.1 Question 2: There are a number of responsibilities the public has in terms of risk management. First, it is the responsibility of each individual to make sure that the data is not used responsibly, and that they utilize common sense in protecting their personal identity. Although identity theft is very difficult to prevent, using practical applications of common sense in terms of data supports personal protection, which contributes to overall risk that can come from the use of an individuals identity in order to infiltrate or corrupt data in organizations. Taking immediate action when there has been a clear violation of data is also essential in helping to inform organizations that a breach has occurred. With the help of individuals, organizations and public institutions can help support rapid action against infiltration and corruption which is of benefit to the organization and the individual who participate in the benefits of the organization. Question 3: Risk communications are typically separated with internal and external audiences, each having specific requirements and strategies that must be employed. Two way communications throughout risk management processes provide for the key principles that are intended to be met to be addressed in the management of risk. Transparency is one of the keys to strategizing for risk indication so that everyone who is involved as the essential information in order to perform appropriately and effectively. It is often necessary to communicate with external stakeholders, allowing the public to have appropriate

HW9 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

HW9 - Essay Example Extended Matrix 3: Once firm B enters and exits the market, the profitability chances collapse at the same time as the company loses $1,000,000. The only sound approached is considering paths NP and PN (this combination considers neutral risk taking) as it considers the N =Neutral path in both cases. c. By choosing to take 7500 and 50% gamble chances of winning between 5000 and 10000, the CEO is considered a risk taker as the cash amount and the expected outcome range only add up to $7500 + 0 = $7500 or $7500 + either $5000 or $10000 = either $12500 or $17500. d. From the utility function, the extended matrix show that the CEO has better changes of accepting $10,000 in cash and 50% gamble of winning between $7500 and $12500. This would make her returns 10,000 without risks and 50% chance of losing the opportunity to win 7500 or 12500. However, an ideal path from 1 on the above extended matrix show that accepting $10000 and taking the 50% gamble chance increases her chances of having 22500 if the gamble paid of. Either way, the taking of chances with decisions whose outcome can result to benefits or no benefits shows that the CEO is a risk

Spss8 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Spss8 - Essay Example 2. Is the type of beverage ordered with lunch at a restaurant independent of the age of the customer? A random sample of 309 lunch customers is taken, resulting in the following results. Determine whether the two variables are independent at 95% level of significance. (4 points) The p value is .000, which is lower than 0.05 suggests a relationship between age and type of beverage. The null hypothesis is thus rejected and the conclusion is that type beverage and age are related. 3. In one survey, successful women meeting managers were asked to state their personal definition of success in terms of several categories from which they could select. Thirty-nine percent responded that happiness was their definition, 12% said that sales/profit was their definition, 18% responded that helping others was their definition, and 31% responded that achievement/challenge was their definition of success. Suppose that you want to determine whether men meeting managers felt the same way and took a random sample of men meeting managers, resulting in the data shown. Use the Chi-square test to determine whether the observed frequency distribution of data for men meeting managers is the same as the distribution for women meeting managers. Let ÃŽ ± = .05. (4 points) The test statistics table shows a very small computed Chi-square value 201.56 and a very small p-value 0.00, which is smaller than 0.05. Therefore, H0 is rejected, and hence there is a difference between the successful women and those who were randomly sampled. 4. Is there a relationship between having a lap-top computer and a person’s profession? A survey of 187 managers of three professions: travel manager, lawyers and accountants, was conducted to investigate this question. Results are presented in the following table. Test whether having a lap-top computer is independent of profession at 95% level of significance. (4 points) The p value is

Mise-En-Scene And Metaphors In Visual Literature Movie Review

Mise-En-Scene And Metaphors In Visual Literature - Movie Review Example Another use of metaphor can be found in the scene where Belfort describes the introduction of sexual activity in his office. The description of the first day at office shows a man enjoying sexual favor from a colleague in the elevator while Belfort and his associates are standing on the ground floor. The gradual upward movement of the elevator and the characters’ activity inside it indicates Belfort’s rise and what it consisted of. That the common man will always remain gullible and hungry for money is suggested by the last scene of the movie which is preceded by the voiceover asking "wouldn't you like to learn how to make money" and we are led to the voice introducing Jordan Belfort to a room full of people interested to listen to his sales training. From long shot to mid-long shot to medium shot the camera brings us closer to the young group of people who are eager to make quick money. The pedestal movement of the camera shows the curious faces of many such young face s who want to become a Jordan Belfort one day. A movie, therefore, is not a monolithic narrative but a visual literature created by directors, cinematographers, editors and screen players. From lighting to camera angle, to costume and movement of characters in a movie does have a meaning associated with it. The understanding of the mise-en-scene, therefore, provides an insight into the mind of the director. Both "Gravity" and "The Wolf of Wall street" are meshed with metaphors guiding the judgments of the viewers.

Making use of knowledge management system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Making use of knowledge management system - Essay Example It has been witnessed that at times, knowledge management systems don’t tend to be as successful as desired by the management. Therefore their causes of failure will be analyzed, along with the factors that contribute towards their success. Knowledge management systems can be defined as the set of modules to identify, create, store, acquire, use and share organizational knowledge to improve performance of the employees and thus the organization (Abdullah et al 2005). It basically involves two activities; Knowledge has become the most important driving force for any nation or organization. The level of performance of an organization depends on the quality of knowledge and therefore its productivity (Drucker 1994). Klimesova (2009) states that collection of information and knowledge has a greater meaning than dispersed pieces of information. Knowledge management systems give the opportunity to the professionals to pass on their knowledge and experiences to their peers so that the asset of knowledge is not wasted and spread across the whole organization. Knowledge management systems provide the platform on which information can be available to the employees whenever they need it and gain benefit (Sornlertlamvanich n.d.) Knowledge in an organization can be categorized into two main types; tacit and explicit knowledge (Sanchez n.d.). Tacit knowledge is considered to be very valuable since it is based on a personal level and lies in the heads of the employees. It is the end product of one’s personal experiences, beliefs, ideas etc. On the contrary, explicit knowledge revolves around numbers and words, product specifications, universal principles etc. This kind of knowledge can be easily processed and stored in a database (Clark 2002). The research shall contribute to the field of knowledge management systems by providing a comprehensive

Harmful effects of alcohol on the brain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Harmful effects of alcohol on the brain - Essay Example To make the matter worse, the concern with drinking today becomes even more complex due to the fact that instances of under-age drinking are rapidly rising, thus increasing reported occurrences of brain damage on teenagers. Jennifer Sheridan in her article â€Å"Booze Putting Teen Brains at Risk† further discussed the dangers of under-age drinking. By presenting facts based from the studies and researches she conducted, Sheridan corroborated the high possibility of acquiring brain injury, especially for teenagers who are supposed to be undergoing various brain developmental processes, from drinking too much and/or consuming alcohol during sustained period (Sheridan, 2009). Without appropriate measures to resolve or, at least, minimize, problem with under-age drinking, the young generation’s likelihood to reach their full potential will be curtailed, hence impeding the bright future that awaits them. Alcohol poses as serious threat to the health and well being of the pop ulation at our community. Some of the health risks of consuming alcohol include, those who begin drinking before the age of 15 are four times more likely to develop alcohol related dependence than those who do not drink until they are 21. They have a higher risk of developing cirrhosis of the liver, strokes, pancreatitis, and multiple forms of cancer. Early alcohol consumption takes a toll on youths mentally too. According to the US Department of Health and Human Services, an individuals brain continues to develop throughout adolescence, therefore those who drink, may have serious side affects with the functions of their short-term and long term memory. They are more likely to suffer from depression, drop out of school because of a reduced ability to learn and carry out normal brain activity. Alcohol consumed by teenagers is hazardous, not only due to the dangers linked with acute impairment, but also due to the problems that drinking brings to their long-term development and welfar e (Sheridan, 2009). From the reports all over the world, the society has witnessed how underage drinking can cause accidents in the road, violence at school, suicide cases, academic failures, and other behavioral concerns brought by underage alcohol consumption. The question is how these teenagers manage to get access to alcoholic beverages despite of the law that prohibits selling of alcohol to youths below 21 years old. According to Bonnie, O’Connell, and National Research Council (2004), teenagers get their access to alcohols from adults. A report shows that more than 90 percent of students from the 12th grade consider getting alcohol â€Å"very easy† or â€Å"fairly easy† (Bonnie, O’Connell, and National Research Council, 2004). Significantly, these young individuals who are not legally allowed to get access to alcoholic beverages are more reckless drinkers than the adults. On average, these teenagers drink more than what their bodies can take and the refore categorizing them as heavy drinkers (Bonnie, O’Connell, and National Research Council, 2004), or drinking until they black out (Sheridan, 2009). In 2004, a report from the National Survey on Drugs Use and Health stated that there were about 29 percent of young Americans, or approximately 10.8 million young individuals), specifically within the age range of 12-20, who had at least a drink a month prior to the report conducted by the organization (Bonnie, O’Connell, and National Research Council, 2004). Still within this age group, the report further stated that 19.6 percent of these subjects were categorized as binge drinkers, or those who had 5 or more drinks on one occasion, which is considered more than the average American adult can consume. In a study conducted by D’Amico et. al. (2001), they discovered that the start of alcohol

How important was television and newspaper reporting in uncovering the Essay

How important was television and newspaper reporting in uncovering the 1972-74 Watergate scandal - Essay Example However, with due course of time, the media publication has emerged as a business to generate profit with larger customer base rather than focussing on its core value to provide information to the common audiences. Despite, these have been of great aid while uncovering a few noteworthy and significant facts regarding the society. One such remarkable incident in the early 1970s political history of United States was the infamous Watergate Scandal. The time frame of 1972 to 1974 is remarked to be the most significant and indeed the most remarkable in the political history of the US. It is during this period that the then president of the US democrat, Mr. Richard Nixon had to resign from his designation which was the only resignation of the US president in the political history till date. It happened during the mid of 1972 when political parties were on the mode to set their images for election programmes (Steven, 2006). According to the published reports, in 17th June, 1972 five men we re recognised trespassing in headquarter of Democratic National Committee, recording and incepting the telephonic conversations and other communications. In 15th September of the same year, two other men were accused of being directly related to the conspiracy and the infringement of the central wiretapping laws. By the beginning of the next year, it was revealed that all the accused seven people were employed by the Campaign to Re-Elect the President (CREEP). The fact fuelled the probability of the involvement of superior government officials in this case. In the mid of 1973, one of the accused men of the five, wrote a letter to the trial judge, John J. Sirica addressing a cover up of the event (Alumni Chapter, n.d.). The cover up incidentally was published in different media publications including television and newspapers. Consequently, the investigation got stimulated revealing certain major facts regarding the then political environment highlighting the role of senior governmen tal officials. Worth mentioning the fact that media publications revealed a series of events demonstrating political corruptions by manoeuvring the investigation. The facts which were revealed by the investigation until 1974 stated that John Mitchell, the then Attorney General had a secret fund amounted to almost $700,000. This sum of money was intended to be expended against the Democratic Party in the falsification of letters, leaking untrue information to the press and also pilfering campaign files. It also stated that most of the American Corporations, including the Gulf Oil Corporation, American Airlines, International Telephone and Telegraph contributed large sum of money to the ‘Nixon campaign’. Moreover, the instance also revealed that Nixon had assured the Watergate intruders to provide them ‘executive clemency’ in case they were incarcerated. He also assured them to reward huge sums of money. A piece of evidence also exposed that $450,000 was paid to the intruders headed by the order of Erlichman, one of the superior White House supporters of Nixon. Several other facts were also revealed which demonstrated the pressurising of the ‘Nixon campaign’ on the FBI officials, CIA officials and other investigating

Globalisation and Democracy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Globalisation and Democracy - Essay Example There is no doubt that since the nineties of XX century, the term "globalization† has become the most prevalent in the global politics and political science. There is no need to dwell on those objective preconditions, which caused the appearance of the given term. Suffice it to list only the most significant ones. They are the growing internationalization of markets of goods and services, as well as the growth of financial interdependence between countries and regions, and uniformization of political regimes on the basis of the almost universal acceptance of democratic governance and the associated incidence of common culture (mass culture) models and patterns of consumption, and hitherto unprecedented development of informatization and communication, allowing to reduce the spatial and temporal boundaries between people, nations and states. With all the objective fullness of the given concept, which does not allow to doubt the existence and development of this process in the mo dern world, its rationale, interpretation and prediction in global political science, there is quite strong subjective beginning in it. It is connected on the one hand, with everyone’s inherent striving to simplify and speed up all the positive phenomena of reality in order to have time to enjoy their outcomes during lifetime. On the other hand, such subjectivity in the interpretation of globalization is associated with the exploitation of people’s natural psychological needs by worldwide mass media in order to ensure the individual interests of certain groups of countries, united by such concept as "developed". As a rule, political observers tend to perceive a certain inferiority of post-totalitarian countries’ democratic systems, their non-conformity to Western standards, due to their communist past. Certainly, the development of democracy in post-communist countries, where historical continuity and even cultural tradition were distorted by more than 70-year p eriod of revolution and state violence, has its own characteristic shortcomings. Liberalization of the economy in post-communist countries failed to provide a deep structure of property relations (as in Poland or Hungary), as well as led to a huge social stratification of society on the poor and the rich (when the income gap reaches a ratio of 1:50). This situation is fraught with social and political instability, and, most importantly, it absolutely falls out of the context of European democracy. Those phenomena that are considered to be an unfortunate results of economic liberalization in developed Western countries and its unavoidable costs, serve as the norm for the post-communist countries, almost as a brand name of democracy. In reality, such increased economic inequality (with a concentration of wealth and power in the hands of a small group of oligarchs) constitutes a menace to democratic development and is an attributive sign of third world countries. In accordance with a m ajority of sociological researches, globalization and informatization lead not only to the internationalization and intensify interaction between different countries and civilizations, but at the same time cause various kinds of crises in less developed countries and regions. (Jagdish Bhagwati 2004). These trends, previously outlined by Samuel Huntington in his article "The Clash of

Water resources Essay Example for Free

Water resources Essay Our business SABMiller is one of the world’s largest brewers, with brewing interests and distribution agreements in over 60 countries across six continents. Our brands include premium international beers such as Pilsner Urquell, Peroni Nastro Azzurro and Miller Genuine Draft, as well as an exceptional range of market-leading local brands such as Aguila, Miller Lite, Snow and Tyskie. Six of our brands are in the world’s top 50 beer brands. We also have considerable expertise in bottling and distributing some of the most famous soft drink brands in the world, including Coca-Cola, Fanta, Sprite, Appletiser and Minute Maid. We are one of the biggest franchise bottlers and distributors of Coca-Cola products outside the United States, operating in 10 of our markets as bottlers of Coca-Cola products. In addition to our Coca-Cola bottling operations, we also produce and bottle a range of soft drinks in a further eight of our markets. In total, non-alcoholic beverages – sparkling beverages, water, fruit juices and malt beverages – make up 18% of our total beverage volumes. Sparkling beverages alone constitute 11% of our total beverage volumes. We operate 41 bottling plants, responsible for producing 50 million hectolitres (5 billion litres) of soft drinks per annum. Contents 01 Leading bottler of soft drinks 02 Where we operate 04 A framework for sustainable development 06 Marketplace 07 Workplace 09 Environment 11 Community 12 Contact details Leading bottler of soft drinks SABMiller’s beverage interests extend beyond brewing and into soft drinks where we have operations in 18 countries, both as selfstanding businesses and, in some countries, alongside a brewery. While brewing is at the heart of our business, the soft drinks operations contribute demonstrably to our overall profitability and success. Through consistently delivering superior operating performance and earnings growth for our bottling operations, and through our commitment to sustainable development, we are able to bring significant value to the economies and societies in which we operate. We work closely with The Coca-Cola Company (TCCC) across 10 of our soft drinks markets. The business partnership through which soft drinks reach consumers is known as the CocaCola system. Coca-Cola licenses bottlers in each region which then manufacture and distribute the final product. Our partnership with TCCC extends beyond just selling soft drinks. Our local bottling operations take part in joint planning with their regional and local Coca-Cola partners, addressing both operational issues, such as packaging and procurement, and wider social investment activities. TCCC sets and controls very detailed standards to maintain the integrity and quality of its brands through a process known as The Coca-Cola Quality System. Our brand portfolio As one of the biggest bottlers of Coca-Cola products in the world, we believe that brands are the key to our success. Our ability to nurture and grow brands that consumers want is one of our most important business assets. We are proud to be associated with some of the world’s best known soft drink brands through our partnership with TCCC. As part of our franchise agreements, we bottle and distribute a wide range of still and sparkling soft drink brands. Some of the best known brands include Coca-Cola and Coca-Cola Light, Fanta and Sprite. We also aim to offer a range of products and brands that meet different consumer needs for refreshment, nutrition and replenishment. The soft drinks product range that we produce includes still and sparkling mineral water, fruit juices, and sport and energy drinks. SABMiller plc Soft Drinks Report December 2007 1 Where we operate SABMiller operates franchise bottlers of Coca-Cola products in 10 markets: El Salvador and Honduras in Latin America; Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland, Zambia and the Indian Ocean islands of Comores and Mayotte in Africa; and South Africa, where we own major brand Appletiser and ABI, the largest bottler in the country. In addition, our operations in Colombia, Ecuador, Panama and Peru in Latin America, China, USA, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Ghana and Canary Islands produce a range of fruit juices, water and malt beverages. Total beverage sales volumes by region Latin America 20% Europe 15% North America 17% Africa and Asia 32% South Africa 16% (‘000 hectolitres) Beer/other alcohol 34,948 Soft drinks 19,474 Total 54,422 (‘000 hectolitres) Beer/other alcohol 40,113 Soft drinks 27 Total 40,140 (‘000 hectolitres) Beer/other alcohol 46,591 Soft drinks 84 Total 46,675 (‘000 hectolitres) Beer/other alcohol 74,163 Soft drinks 13,837 Total 88,000 (‘000 hectolitres) Beer/other alcohol 26,543 Soft drinks 15,987 Total 42,530 2 SABMiller plc Soft Drinks Report December 2007. Denotes regions where SABMiller operates, or has a major distribution agreement Denotes regions covered by our strategic partner Castel North America distrubution only Europe distrubution only Africa and Asia Latin America 14 bottling plants 17 bottling plants Brands include: Coca-Cola Fanta Sprite South Africa Brands include: Coca-Cola Fanta Sprite Tropical Cristal (water) 10 bottling plants Brands include: Coca-Cola Fanta Sprite Appletiser Peartiser Minute Maid SABMiller plc Soft Drinks Report December 2007 3. A framework for sustainable development Sustainable development is an integral part of running our global business successfully. We work within a sustainable development framework which focuses on the 10 priorities most relevant and material to our business’s environmental, social and economic footprint. This framework has been embedded into our global operations and we have developed, tested and launched a sustainable assessment matrix (SAM) which enables each operation to measure its performance against the 10 priorities. This framework provides a common approach within the group, supporting learning between our businesses. SABMiller’s 10 sustainable development priorities 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Discouraging irresponsible drinking Making more beer and soft drinks but using less water Reducing our energy and carbon footprint Packaging, reuse and recycling Working towards zero waste operations Having supply chains that reflect our own values and commitments Benefiting communities Contributing to the reduction of HIV/Aids Respecting human rights Transparency in reporting our progress Strategy and performance measurement The creation of the sustainable development framework of 10 priorities and the accompanying SAM system has been an important investment for us. The self-assessment process enables our businesses to compare their performance against the 10 priorities and with their peers within the group. All operations where our group companies have day-to-day management control must achieve the minimum level 1 on the stairways. Operations which fall short of level 1 must have mitigation plans in place to achieve this standard as soon as possible. Where operations have achieved the highest standards at level 4, they provide case studies and learnings for other parts of the business. In addition, to encourage operations to engage in level 4 projects, we have also committed to long-term scenario planning for the key priorities of water, carbon and HIV/Aids, to assess the business needs and current and potential future thinking on these issues. Through SAM, we aim to collate and report the sustainable development performance of all our businesses where SABMiller group companies have day-to-day management control, either as a result of a majority shareholding or through a management agreement. However, we share our standards and policies with our associates and other business interests where we do not have direct management control. In China, for example, we have had several meetings with the CR Snow senior management team to share our sustainable development approach. 4 SABMiller plc Soft Drinks Report December 2007 Our soft drinks operations adhere to the fundamentals of our sustainable development priorities, while also endorsing and operating within the Coca-Cola framework of four key areas: Marketplace, Workplace, Environment and Community. This framework is closely aligned with our sustainable development priorities, and working in partnership with TCCC, we are committed to delivering programmes and initiatives which add value in the countries and communities in which we operate. Marketplace TCCC is an active member of the business community in each country where it operates, working hand in hand with local individuals, merchants and governments to improve the health and prosperity of the local economy and environment. Similarly, SABMiller is committed to creating sustainable ways to do business and to contributing to economic growth by running successful and accountable businesses which encourage entrepreneurs, create jobs and stimulate local economic activity. In order to make a long-term and sustainable impact, we need to explore ways in which our core business activities can best contribute to both our organisation and towards wider social and economic objectives. and collaboration. As a global organisation, transferability of skills is important to us and we are committed to employing the best people, whatever their backgrounds, and we value and respect diversity. We also acknowledge that HIV/Aids is an operational as well as a social issue and we cannot rely on a healthy workforce for the future unless we proactively engage with this difficult challenge. As one of the biggest bottlers of Coca-Cola products, we ensure that we meet, or exceed, the water management requirements of TCCC at our bottling plants. The Coca-Cola approach is built upon comprehensive risk analysis of the water resources supplying plants in its global franchise bottling network. Since 2004 we have worked collaboratively with Coca-Cola in our Central American and African operations to study the annual renewable fresh water supply, supply economics and the social context of water resources of our bottling facilities. Environment Operating in an environmentally responsible way is a priority for all of our businesses. The Coca-Cola system’s environmental commitment is focused on the areas where we have the most significant and visible impacts – water, sustainable packaging, and energy and climate protection. As the bottler, our operations play a crucial role in water conservation and purification, energy efficiency and solid waste management. We are also committed to the re-use of bottles. SABMiller and TCCC share the commitment to the conservation and preservation of scarce natural resources, and in 2007 both companies signed the CEO Water Mandate, a United Nations initiative. Community SABMiller and TCCC share the belief that the future of our businesses depends on the vitality of the communities where we operate. The continued health and sustainable growth of our business depends on the long-term wellbeing and success of the communities that surround us. We are intensely committed to the economic success and continued growth of these communities through our corporate social investment activities. Our particular emphasis is on supporting enterprise development, promoting sustainable water use and tackling HIV/Aids. Workplace For the people of TCCC, work is more than a place to go every day. TCCC believes work should be a place of exploration, discovery, creation and inspiration. At SABMiller, we believe that people are our enduring advantage. We understand the importance of training and development, and of creating a culture of communication SABMiller plc Soft Drinks Report December 2007 5 Marketplace SABMiller is committed to creating sustainable ways to do business and to contributing to economic growth by running successful and accountable businesses which create jobs and stimulate local economic activity. 1 Empowering soft drink distributors in Zambia Since SABMiller re-entered the Zambian market in 1994, Zambian Breweries Limited (ZBL) has become one of the country’s largest taxpayers and investors outside of the mining sector. ZBL’s sales and marketing department has invested more than US$1,300,000 in setting up an empowerment distribution chain for its carbonated soft drinks operations, creating over 1,800 jobs. This investment involves several initiatives, including the sourcing, purchasing and maintaining of 500 branded kiosks, or N’tembas, complete with ice bins; providing 155 fully branded containers which are placed in high density areas as retail sales points and wholesale outlets; and the provision of more than 300 vending trolleys and 700 ice boxes to street vendors. Interest free start-up loans and loans to purchase vehicles are also provided to enable distributors to more adequately distribute our products in rural areas where distances preclude direct outlet delivery, and in urban high density areas where drop sizes are too small. In order to help these entrepreneurs to succeed, trade marketing representatives from ZBL provide training to ensure that they distribute the product effectively. Through these investments ZBL achieves additional sales volume, while the distributors make a profit, enabling them to employ people and generate growth within their community. 2 Honduras provides skills to children. Our soft drinks business in Honduras introduced an education programme for the children of workers in the Azunosa sugar cane fields with the aim of eliminating the problem of child labour in the local industry and improving the level of education and household income in the community. Up to 100 children attend the school operated by the Cerveceria Hondurena Foundation, where they are provided with knowledge and skills in a structured and certified programme. Food, medicine, clothes and financial assistance are also provided. Part of the training includes the growing of non-traditional crops such as sweet potatoes, peppers and tomatoes. These crops are taken to the local market to be sold, and the proceeds are reinvested in the Foundation to cover some of the costs of the programme. 3 Angola supports Junior Achievement In partnership with several other companies operating in Luanda, our soft drinks business, Coca-Cola Bottling Luanda (CCBL), supports the Coca-Cola Foundation’s Junior Achievement Initiative in Angola. The training programme aims to develop entrepreneurial spirit and selfinitiative, as well as to provide a basic understanding of business fundamentals to students in public schools. The people of CCBL volunteer to contribute 75 working hours to the programme, giving their time and expertise to teach the students and provide them with knowledge and information about how the business world works and how strong ethics and values can contribute towards creating a successful business. Two courses are available: Personal Economics, which introduces the students to the business world, and helps them to choose a career path and understand the skills required for it; and Mini-Enterprise, which consists of basic business content from setting up a business to producing and selling the goods. Students set up their own simulated businesses and are responsible for producing and selling the products, and ultimately its success. Almost 900 students benefited from the first two semesters of the programme, and CCBL believes this will prepare and inspire Angola’s youth to lead fruitful lives at home and make a meaningful contribution towards the country and a better world. 1 2 3 6 SABMiller plc Soft Drinks Report December 2007 Workplace At SABMiller, we understand that people are our enduring advantage. We strive to create excellent, safe working environments that inspire and motivate our people to develop a can-do attitude that comes from a real passion for what we do. 1 ABI addresses HIV/Aids For several years our soft drinks business in South Africa, ABI, has addressed the issue of HIV/Aids among its workforce through a comprehensive intervention programme. The two areas of major focus internally are to manage existing infections through voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) and early diagnosis; and managed health care, which includes anti-retroviral treatment and an effective education programme aimed at reducing or preventing new infections. Wellness educators have been trained to apply the model in small group sessions which are carried out during working hours. ABI focuses on VCT through its ACT campaign (Awareness, Counselling and Testing), which is designed to encourage employees to discover their status early enough to start treatment should it be required. The costs of the ACT campaign are paid for by the company and since its inception, 86% of ABI employees have participated and know their status. Information regarding the medical condition of employees is kept strictly confidential at all times and employees who have a life threatening disease are treated with sensitivity and compassion. The company supports the principle of non-discrimination. A Life Threatening Diseases policy has been put in place to provide a framework within which to manage HIV/Aids and inform employees of their rights, responsibilities and benefits. All employees and their dependents have access to a managed health care programme which includes lifestyle management and the provision of antiretroviral therapy through an external service provider. ABI aims to contribute to the reduction of HIV/Aids in the communities in which it operates by making HIV/Aids prevention and management an integral part of its Corporate Social Investment strategy and projects. 2 Angola training for success Coca-Cola Bottlers Luanda (CCBL) believes in harnessing the potential of the people who live and work in the communities in which it operates. In partnership with a professional training school, EFTA (Escola de Formacao Teconologica de Angola), students are recruited and provided with the training and skills required by CCBL for expansion into other parts of Angola. Through the education programme the students are trained to become mechanics, electricians and production line operators over a period of three to 18 months. This enables the business to invest in both developing skills for future employees, and in enhancing the capabilities of local communities. An added benefit is that students are also equipped with skills which can be transferred to other parts of the business. CCBL has invested approximately US$400,000 in the programme, which will run until 2010. 1 2 SABMiller plc Soft Drinks Report December 2007 7 Workplace continued We are committed to building strong teams of smart, educated people who are capable of working throughout the company, throughout the world. 3 Zambia assists employees with HIV/Aids programme Most of the employees who work at Zambian Breweries and its soft drink operations are locals who have grown up with the stigma that surrounds. HIV/Aids in a country which has a national prevalence rate of 18%. HIV/Aids is a major focus for Zambian Breweries and as such it was the first company in Zambia to provide antiretroviral treatment for all of its staff and their families, as well as to have voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) centres in place on all sites. Following initial discussions with employees, the first on-site VCT centre was opened, and within six months approximately 100 employees had been through the centre. A year later the business had an HIV/Aids VCT count of 80%. This was a huge source of pride for management, indicating a high level of trust from employees. As an example to all employees, members of the Operating Board went for VCT and were taken through the counselling training. Managers were then required to include HIV/Aids in their goals in order to create a sense of ownership from senior managers. While its HIV/Aids policy is recognized as one of the strongest in the country, the disease remains one of the biggest risks facing the business, given its high prevalence among those individuals who form part of its supply and distribution chains. As a result, Zambian Breweries has also started a programme to promote awareness and understanding of the disease beyond the workplace and into the communities in which it operates. At our operations in Botswana, a similar programme is in place to assist all employees. The company provides on-site clinics, a doctor who calls twice a week to test and counsel employees, and nurses and peer educators educate the staff about the virus. 8 SABMiller plc Soft Drinks Report December 2007 Environment Operating in an environmentally responsible way is a priority for all of our businesses. 1 ABI sets the benchmark ABI, the soft drinks subsidiary of SAB Ltd in South Africa, has set the benchmark for SABMiller’s priority to make more soft drinks with less water. ABI’s Midrand manufacturing and distribution unit upgraded its water treatment plant, replacing the conventional chemical treatment plant with a Nano/RO membrane filtration plant. In a country where potable water remains an issue, the plant invested R2. 4 million ($344,800) in new equipment and systems to reduce waste water. The upgrade resulted in the plant performing at 1. 48hl of water for every hectolitre of product, and a water ratio target of 1. 3hl/hl by 2012 has been set. The percentage of water lost down the drain was also reduced from 30% to 10%. Steady progress has been made on the previous water to soft drink ratio of 2hl/hl at the plant, and 1. 35hl/hl is now being achieved when production conditions are favourable. This compares very well against other PET only plants and the average usage across TCCC’s global operations, which includes those plants which use returnable glass bottles, is between 2hl/hl and 2. 5hl/hl. In a further effort to reduce the company’s environmental footprint, ABI is also a major funder of South Africa’s Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Recycling Company (PETCO), which is a world first industry-led initiative. The company’s activities involve the recycling of PET plastic bottles and their conversion into polyester resin, which is then used to make products such as video tapes, pillow fibre, fleece jackets and carpets. Established in 2005, PETCO has made steady progress in increasing the volume of recycled PET in South Africa. The company is also committed to increasing awareness and education about PET recyclability. 2 Creating business opportunities in Zambia Zambian Breweries Limited (ZBL) is the largest recycler of bottles and plastic crates in Zambia. Of the 320 million bottles that are used in Zambia every year to bottle beer and soft drinks, only 9 million of these are being used for the first time. The rest are reused between 10 and 25 times during their lifecycle, after which they are crushed and recycled. ZBL also uses 13 million plastic crates a year, only 100,000 of which are being used for the first time. These plastic crates are reused several times and, once damaged, they too are crushed and recycled. In addition to reducing its impact on the environment, the recycling of bottles and crates has created opportunities for small local recycling businesses to develop. ZBL has helped to set up an independent plastic recycling business which has created 40 jobs and resulted in any new crates consisting of 75% recycled plastic materials. Three local entrepreneurs have also been assisted with the purchase of a glass crusher to help them set up a glass recycling business. Additional kilns may also be purchased with the aim of turning the bottles that are no longer suitable for bottling beer or soft drinks into recycled glassware which small businesses can sell to local bars and trade outlets. 1 2 SABMiller plc Soft Drinks Report December 2007 9 Environment continued As a bottler, our operations play a crucial role in water conservation and purification, energy efficiency and solid waste management. 3 Honduras recycles PET bottles As PET plastic bottles have grown in popularity with consumers in Honduras, the lack of an existing recycling culture has resulted in problems with litter and environmental damage. On the island of Roatan, Cerveceria Hondurena, in collaboration with the local municipality, government authorities, local communities and other private sector businesses, has established a recycling programme involving the collection, storage and transfer of PET bottles. The programme aims to remove the solid plastic waste on the island and reduce the environmental damage caused to beaches and coral reefs; promote a culture of recycling plastic bottles among the community, consumers and the general public; protect the mangroves; and help reduce environmental pollution. The project involves the collection of plastic waste from the collection points established by the local council. The waste is then transported from the island to the mainland at La Ceiba and Puerto Cortes. A pilot recycling campaign held during the Easter period in two local communities also included visits to schools and colleges to help educate students about recycling and the impact of litter on the environment. Cerveceria Hondurena has undertaken several other initiatives to reduce its environmental footprint. Among its major achievements has been a 21% reduction in the total glass weight used for sparkling soft drink returnable glass bottles over the last 10 years, and the introduction of 100% recycled plastic crates two years ago. Of the current crate population, 30% is now made of 100% recycled plastic. 4 Cleaner water at Appletiser At the Appletiser plant in South Africa, waste water used in the manufacturing process is carefully cleaned and filtered before either being reused to irrigate the neighbouring apple orchards or returned to the nearby river. The Appletiser plant filters and releases its waste water into a series of four ponds. Through the ponds, the Ph balance of the water is restored and it is aerated before being allowed to settle. From there, the water is pumped through a shallow labyrinth, which allows oxidation to take place and uses ultra violet light from the sun to help sterilise the water. At the end of the process, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) has been reduced from an average of 8,000 units when it leaves the plant to between 30 and 50 units. This reduction in COD is critical, as a high level can cause water life to die from lack of oxygen. The waste and treated water is carefully monitored and a report supplied to the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry. 4 10 SABMiller plc Soft Drinks Report December 2007 Community The continued health and sustainable growth of SABMiller’s business depends on the long-term wellbeing and success of the communities that surround us. We are firmly committed to benefiting our local communities. 1 Lesotho: educating the supply chain on HIV/Aids In line with our Sustainable Development Framework, SABMiller’s subsidiaries and affiliates aim to contribute to the reduction of HIV/Aids within their sphere of influence. The Lesotho Brewing Company (LBC) held a workshop to educate soft drink hawkers and street vendors about HIV/Aids. The course provided attendees with information on how to avoid infection, the use of condoms, voluntary counselling and testing, as well as living with the virus. both students and neighbouring communities, that the company identified other local schools in need of access to water where it has implemented the rain harvesting system. Through this project, Industrias La Constancia has helped three schools in the Nejapa area neighbouring the soft drinks plant. Over 1,000 members of the community have directly benefited from the programme to date. The system has also enabled the schools to save money as they no longer need to buy water. The programme will benefit 23,000 people in local communities and is supported by several companies including USAID and financed by the Coca-Cola Foundation. It will contribute to the country’s efforts to reconstruct and rehabilitate the infrastructure that was almost entirely destroyed during the war, by increasing access to water among the urban poor and improving the management of water points. In a second project CCBL also recognized that the hospital in Bom Jesus, the municipality where CCBL’s plant is located, needed substantial upgrading in order to improve access to healthcare services for its 150 employees and the local community. In a partnership which CCBL established with other local companies, local authorities and the provincial government, critical services at the hospital have been upgraded in order to more effectively combat common diseases such as cholera, tuberculosis and malaria, and to decrease the infant mortality rate. 2 El Salvador provides water to students In partnership with TCCC, Industrias La Constancia in El Salvador has worked to help schools in local communities gain access to water, thus elevating the quality of life of the students and enabling them to enjoy their education in a healthier environment. The company identified the Tutultepeque School as one in need of assistance and in co-ordination with FONAES, a semiautonomous organisation, designed a project that would enable the school to have its own water supply through the construction of a rain harvesting system. The programme, called ‘Water for my school’, was such a success, benefiting 3 Angola builds for the future In an effort to improve access to water and health facilities, Coca-Cola Bottling Luanda (CCBL) has embarked on two projects to improve local facilities and infrastructure. The Community Watersheds Partnership Programme aims to reduce the incidence of water borne diseases among the residents of Kilamba Kiaxi and Viana in Luanda, thus leading to improvements in health and the quality of life. The project includes the construction of 10 community water standpoints, training for community hygiene promoters, the establishment of municipal water boards and a governance structure being put in place. 2 3 SABMiller plc Soft Drinks Report December 2007 11 SABMiller plc (Registration No: 3528416) Registered office SABMiller House Church Street West Woking Surrey England GU21 6HS. Telephone +44 1483 264000 Telefax +44 1483 264104 Head Office One Stanhope Gate London England W1K 1AF Telephone +44 20 7659 0100 Telefax +44 20 7659 0111 Internet address www.sabmiller. com Sustainable development Telephone +44 1483 264139 Sustainable. [emailprotected] com For further information on SABMiller’s global Sustainable Development priorities and activities, please visit http://www. sabmiller. com/sabmiller. com/en_gb/ Our+responsibility/ 12 SABMiller plc Soft Drinks Report December 2007 www. sabmiller. com.

Effects of the Gardasil Vaccination

Effects of the Gardasil Vaccination Obispo, Stacey L. Vaccinations Despite the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) acknowledging vaccinations as one of top 10 impressive public health accomplishments of the twentieth century (Malone Hinman), vaccines have still been cause for debate over the years. Fears over the years have resonated over vaccination risks and side effects. Sadly, parental unacceptance of general childhood vaccinations may have been persuaded from accepting incorrect beliefs (Gamble, Klosky, Parra, Randolph, 2010). For example, the early childhood vaccination measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) was of recent controversy because many believed it caused autism (Gamble, et al., 2010). Gamble, et al. (2010) found that this controversy along with some vaccines inability to be fully successful with some recipients has contradicted vaccine effectiveness. As a result some parents within the public question whether all vaccinations which have risks will outweigh the benefits. Today I implore all parents to listen to the research and s cientifically proven information I am going to share about vaccines so that your questions about its effectiveness can be put to rest. In addition, I will share with you pertinent facts that you should know about the vaccine Gardasil so that you can make an informed choice as to whether you should get your child vaccinated. Balancing one’s individual rights with the rights of society to prevent their own illness versus the need for public health officials to prevent large scale epidemics should be thoughtfully considered. Today we can easily say that societal interest has conflicted with some parents’ interest. This occurs because in our society vaccinations are taken in efforts to not just aid the child from disease and illness rather, it is done to protect and prevent diseases and illnesses from the whole community. The way to balance individual rights with the rights of society regarding preventing individual illness and large scale epidemics is by modeling the practices of the US government regarding vaccinations. The CDC states that some individuals argue that every adult with an s sound mental capacity should have the right to choose what should be done to their body (Malone Hinman). The CDC’s response to such an argument was directed to the Supreme Court ruling on Jacobson vs. Massachusetts which upheld the rights of states to mandate vaccinations (Malone Hinman). The rationale behind the court ruling was this: As long state wide vaccinations exist because of the need to prevent outbreaks of disease individual rights should not be held .The idea that one should have a choice in regard to their own being cannot be upheld because each being affect others .In other words, as long as humans remain social creatures , personal privacy and choice in regards to required vaccinations cannot exist. Each individual makes up a whole community. The ruling concluded that if all individuals had the choice to choose whether or not they should be vaccinated public health and public safety can becom e endangered when epidemics arise (Malone Hinman). The ruling on Jacobson vs. Massachusetts is enacted to ensure that through vaccinations disease prevention is granted to everyone. The ruling allowed states to have police power regarding vaccinations (Malone Hinman). With police power, states are then empowered by the Constitution to make sure those rationale guidelines that were recognized by legislative depiction as will safeguard public health and safety ruing empowered states (Malone Hinman). Another way states make sure that its constituents are getting vaccinated is through mandating school laws and prohibiting school enrollment to children who have not been vaccinated(Malone Hinman). States have the authority to assert authority of the welfare of a child (Malone Hinman). This is called parens patriae. Under this doctrine the Supreme Court states that there are no rights of religion or parenthood that are beyond limitation (Malone Hinman). Furthermore, the Justices state that one’s right to practice religion freely does not give one the liberty to expose the child or community to communicable disease, ill health, or even death (Malone Hinman). Despite these safe guards that our government has enacted, there is exemptions that are offered for individuals who elect not to get vaccinated. Currently 48 states have exemption laws which ensure that religious and in some cases philosophic beliefs are protected and allow such individuals to be excluded from vaccinations (Malone Hinman). Although these individuals have no constitutional rights under religious or philosophic beliefs, states allow these individuals to practice their freedoms (Malone Hinman). This delicate balance appears to be working well since their has been an growth in numbers of vaccines being presented with a majority of the public taking them and a commonly low level of observable risk from disease (Malone Hinman). The vaccine Gardasil protects against precancerous lesions, such as CIN1/2/3,VIN2/3, cervical cancer triggered by the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) 16 and 18, and it also is a defense against infection and disease produced by HPV6 and11 as well as genital warts (Dominiak-Felden, et al., 2013). The age of Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices state that the HPV vaccination is targeted for females aged 11 and 12 years through the series of 3 injections given over 6 months (Gamble, et al., 2010).Boys ages 9-26 can be given the vaccination to prevent genital warts caused by the HPV (Merk- Sharp and Dohme Corp., 2014). The vaccine is approved to be given to girls, boys, women and men that are within the ages of 9-26 years (Merk- Sharp and Dohme Corp., 2014) . The vaccine Gardasil is intended for administration before sexual onset (Merk- Sharp and Dohme Corp., 2014). The HPV virus can be transmitted through: oral and digital infection by digital –genital contact or genital digit al contact, vaginal and anal intercourse (Gamble, et al., 2010). The Gardasil vaccine prevents spread of HPV. Around 70% of sexually active people will contract the Human Papillomavirus within their lifetime (Dominiak-Felden, et al., 2013). The HPV genotypes 16 and 18 have been accountable for approximately 73% of cervical cancers as well as the bulk of HPV-related vulval and vaginal cancers (Dominiak-Felden, et al., 2013). In addition 90% of genital warts affecting men and women are HPV 6 and 11(Dominiak-Felden, et al., 2013). The vaccine Gardasil prevents the transmission of HPV 16 and 18, HPV 6 and 11, and cervical cancers(Dominiak-Felden, et al., 2013). On the individual level the impact of contracting HPV can be devastating because in some cases genital warts develop or even cancers (Dominiak-Felden, et al., 2013). This can effect not just the quality of one’s sexual life but their life expectancy because in some cervical cancer remains undiagnosed until it’s too late for treatment. The decline of HPV can only be accomplished by targeting the cariogenic types of HPV, making sure the protection is resilient, targeting the appropriate at risk population, and by ensuring that the medical community and public adhere to the recommended screening guidelines(Gamble, et al., 2010).In fact the American Cancer society estimates that 70% of cervical cancers can be prevented if HPV vaccinations are given over several decades(Gamble, et al., 2010). The most common side effects associated with HPV vaccine Gardasil include: fainting, vomiting, dizziness, nausea, headache ,fever, and at the injection site; pain, swelling ,itching, bruising, and redness (Merk- Sharp and Dohme Corp., 2014). Like all vaccinations there can be an allergic reaction. Signs of an allergic reaction include: difficulty breathing, rash hives, and wheezing (Merk- Sharp and Dohme Corp., 2014). Inform your child’s doctor if after vaccination they have: chills, skin infection, bleeding or bruising more than normal, swollen glands, joint pain, unusual tiredness, overall feeling of being unwell, pain in the leg, shortness of breath, chest pain, aching muscles, or seizure. (Merk- Sharp and Dohme Corp., 2014). Remember the vaccine Gardasil has been evaluated and approved for use by the FDA and safety is continually evaluated by the CDC for safety on an ongoing basis (Merk- Sharp and Dohme Corp., 2014). Psycho-social impacts of whether the Gardasil vaccination will be utilized is associated with doctors recommendations, parental views and adolescences attitudes (Gamble, et al., 2010). Health care attitudes and recommendations by doctors impact families because their views influence whether an individual will get vaccinated with Gardasil. For instance, if the pediatricians attitude and intention is to promote the HPV vaccine research has shown that they will have a successful delivery(Gamble, et al., 2010). The choice as to whether a parent will immunize their child can be influenced by their cultural beliefs and also by a parents view or personal factors regarding one’s susceptibility to HPV(Gamble, et al., 2010). Research documented by Gamble, et al., (2010) states that parents who make the decision to vaccinate against sexually transmitted infections are inclined to do so based on their personal beliefs and their adolescent’s attitudes about contraception use. Parents who have open communication regarding sex with their child have the tendency to vaccinate against HPV(Gamble, et al., 2010).Adolescent attitudes regarding HPV vaccination have been found to be similar to parental views(Gamble, et al., 2010). A concern that may arise from some parents who may consider giving their adolescent the vaccination is; will the vaccination give my child permission to become sexually active because they have been vaccinated against HPV? According to the American Academy of Pediatrics (2013) research studies demonstrate that children who receive the HPV vaccine do not engage in sex any sooner than those who have been given other teen vaccines. Essentially the findings indicate that children do not see the HPV vaccine as a license to engage in sexual activity (American Academy of Pediatrics, 2013). In conclusion, parents vaccinating your children with Gardasil will not make them prematurely sexually active. The benefits of taking Gardasil can lessen their risks at cancers and genital warts. This preventive vaccine has the potentially to reduce cervical cancers by 73% and vulvular cancers by 50%. The side effects associated with taking Gardasil are no different than other vaccines your children have already been given. Being uncomfortable about having a conversation about HPV and sex should not deter anyone from getting their child vaccinated. The benefits of being vaccinated are far too great to the individual and society as a whole to let a moment of being uncomfortable potentially dictate an individual’s life expectancy. Facts about Gardasil and HPV The vaccine Gardasil protects against precancerous lesions, such as CIN1/2/3,VIN2/3, cervical cancer triggered by the Human Papillomavirus (HPV)16 and 18, and it also is a defense against infection and disease produced by HPV6 and11 as well as genital warts (Dominiak-Felden, et al., 2013). The HPV vaccination is targeted for females aged 11 and 12 years through the series of 3 injections given over 6 months (Gamble, et al., 2010). Boys ages 9-26 can be given the vaccination to prevent genital warts caused by the HPV(Merk- Sharp and Dohme Corp., 2014). The vaccine is approved to be given to girls, boys, women and men that are within the ages of 9-26 years (Merk- Sharp and Dohme Corp., 2014) . The vaccine Gardasil is intended for administration before sexual onset (Merk- Sharp and Dohme Corp., 2014). The HPV virus can be transmitted through: oral and digital infection by digital –genital contact or genital digital contact, vaginal and anal intercourse (Gamble, et al., 2010). American Academy of Pediatrics (2013) state that children who receive the HPV vaccine do not engage in sex any sooner than those who have been given other teen vaccines. Most common side effects associated with HPV vaccine Gardasil include: fainting, vomiting, dizziness, nausea, headache ,fever, and at the injection site; pain, swelling ,itching, bruising, and redness (Merk- Sharp and Dohme Corp., 2014). References American Academy of Pediatrics. (2013, August 7). Vaccinating your preteen: Addressing common concerns. Retrieved from http://www.healthychildren.org/English/safety-prevention/immunizations/Pages/Vaccinating-Your-Preteen-Addressing-Common-Concerns.aspx Dominiak-Felden, G., Cohet, C., Atrux-Tallau, S., Gilet, H., Tristram, A., Fiander, A. (2013). Impact of human papillomavirus-related genital diseases on quality of life and psychosocial wellbeing: results of an observational, health-related quality of life study in the UK. BMC Public Health, 131065. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-1065 Gamble, H. L., Klosky, J. L., Parra, G. R., Randolph, M. E. (2010). Factors Influencing Familial Decision-Making Regarding Human Papillomavirus Vaccination. Journal Of Pediatric Psychology, 35(7), 704-715. doi::10.1093/jpepsy/jsp108 Malone, K. M., Hinman, A. R. (n.d.). Vaccination mandates: The public health imperative and individual rights. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov. Merk-Sharp and Dohme-Corp. (2014). Side effects of Gardasil. Retrieved from http://www.gardasil.com/about-gardasil/side-effects-of-gardasil/

Organizational Structure And The Relationship To The Mission

Organizational Structure And The Relationship To The Mission Nowadays, with the increase of living quality, more high standard health organizations or facilities are required to meet the population demand of health care. According to the change of the plan of New South Wales Health, the Childrens hospital at Westmead (CHW) determines future developmental direction and formulates its own strategies, vision and mission (The Childrens Hospital at Westmead 2007). In a word, the CHW sticks to respect both children and their families in spite of the change of hospital strategies, mission and vision (The Childrens Hospital at Westmead 2008). Actually, the organizational structure of hospital has relevant relationship that can not be neglected and obliterated with mission and vision. Thus, it is considered that the establishment of hospital structure can help to complete the mission and vision that are designed by organization (University of Western Sydney 2009); meanwhile, mission and vision can impact the hospital structure that is set up (Madden et al. 2006). The purpose of this article is to critically analyse the structure, mission, vision and goals of the CWH, and analyse interaction between organizational structure and mission or vision. Initially, according to the Childrens Hospital at Westmead (2008), the CHW adopts line structure to administer the whole operation of hospital. The mission, vision and goals impacts organizational structure of CHW designed; meanwhile, the aim of the structure is to complete the mission, vision and goals (University of Western Sydney 2010). For instance, workforce development which is involved in organizational structure is designed to offer high skill practitioners of tertiary and quaternary care (CHW annual report 2008), so that it can meet the demand of mission to complete the promise of hospital. The relationship between clinical operations and department of nursing shows the influence of mission statement which mentions to set up good consociation. In addition, it can be seen from the organizational chart (The Childrens Hospital at Westmead 2008) that there are many departments found for economics, treatment, health care and training and education. All of them established a susta inable foundation for the achievement of hospital vision, which shows that healthy children for healthy future (The Childrens Hospital at Westmead 2008). At last, the CHW goals direct the development of finance, emergency, health care and other services; it also requires the high quality of staffs. Secondly, line structure has both negative and positive impacts on the development of hospital. Admittedly, the line structure of CHW is clear and simple. It shows the clear relationship between each department. Moreover, the organizational chart shows distinct superior-subordinate relationship. For example, according to the organizational chart, clinical operation directly administers allied health, diagnostics, medical, critical care and emergency services; at the same time, clinical operation hands in summary of annual work and feedback from lower levels to the highest level named chief executive(The Childrens Health at Westmead 2008). Another advantage of CHW structure is that not only one authority to judge all things. It is shown by the Childrens Hospital at Westmead (2008) that internal audit has right to supervise the action of chief executive. Even so, there are also some disadvantages of this line structure. Less communication of parallel departments which may decrease the quality of health service is demonstrated obviously. For instance, it is hypothesised that one child is sent immediately into critical care because of emergency situation, but he has renal disease that has not been checked out. If there is no contact with medical and critical care, this child would have life risk. What is worse, sometimes, highest authority can not receive the feedback immediately or receive untruthful information due to the incautiously negligence or deliberately concealing of middle or lower departments (Marquis Huston 2009). Therefore, the problems of line structure will result in medical issues and descend the health care level of children. Thirdly, according to the CHW goals (The Childrens Hospital at Westmead 2008), one main line of authority and responsibility is combined by finance and corporate services, community relations and marketing and information services and planning. It is believed that excellent staffs are an important foundation of the high quality health care. It is considered that appropriate incentives can retain the health professionals in different environment, especially in rural and remote areas (Dassault and Franceschini 2006). In addition, high standard of meals and accommodation promote the health care condition. Internet service can help families to solve problems at home; as well as, it can help to book the services, which saves time if it is not emergency problem but some small health issue. Furthermore, fundraising from companies or individuals creates equal chance for every child to accept treatment. It is shown by The Childrens Hospital at Westmead (2008), clinical operation and its subor dinate departments combined into another main line push hospital to realize the goals. For example, hospital strengthens the infrastructures (such as advanced equipments) of emergency services, so that patients can accept efficient cure in time. The increase of whole level of clinical services improves the clinical safety and helps to practice good quality health care. Moreover, some parts of the CHW structure can help to achieve the hospital mission to a certain extent. For example, Allied health in the structure provides the service to meet the requirement of chronic and complex care which is mentioned in hospital mission (The Childrens Hospital at Westmead 2008). There is a relationship between clinical operation and nursing. Nurses and clinical staffs keep in touch and share working experience with each other to establish good partnership described in mission (The Childrens Hospital at Westmead 2008). Nurses also can express the requirement or complain of patients to clinical practitioners, so that hospital could ensure the profits of children. Whats more, training and education bring up professionals to keep the high quality services. Admittedly, the organizational structure helps to reach the goals. For instance, internet service provides a link to save time of patients or their families to book services. Allied health service offer various h ealth services to detective health issues in the early stage of children. Finally, some aspects of the CHW structure could assist the development of hospital and solve some problems. It has been mentioned that there is an internal audit existing with chief executive, so it enhances hospitals monitoring, which may avoid the appearance of bureaucracy to a certain degree (Withey Gellatly 2007). The good cohesion and cooperation between different services can make sure the high quality health service and medical safety of patient. One exact situation is that nurses and clinical operations have built a good relationship, which could be useful to operate clinically and solve problems such as conflict between patients and doctors (The Childrens Hospital at Westmead 2008). However, some aspects of this structure also can have negative impacts on the development of hospital and the solution of problems. In spite of the relationship between nursing and clinical operations, it is not enough partnerships for the hospital to promote its health care quality. For exampl e, the lack of linkage between the department of workforce development and clinical operations is one important issue. It is stressed that the method of training workforce is changing with the change of clinical demand (Withey Gellatly 2007). As a result, the lacking communication between these two departments may lead to the waste of resources including human resources and material resources. Thus, to sum up, the line structure of the CHW is designed to reach the hospital mission, vision and goals; meanwhile, organizational structure is impacted by mission, vision and goals. Moreover, line structure has both merits and demerits in supply of health care services. In addition, there are two main lines of authority and responsibility which boost the completeness of hospital goals. Furthermore, some functions of hospital structure are useful for hospital to achieve its mission and goals. At last, the aspects of line structure both assist and descend the development of the CHW. Consequently, mission, vision and goals impact the establishment of organizational structure; and organizational structure can help to achieve them. It is recommended that the hospital should change the settled mode of line structure into the informal mode that is more flexible; and hospital might increase the chances of lateral communication as vertical communication (University of Western Sydney 2010) .

Goal setting Essay -- essays research papers

Why Should I set my goals? Saying I’m going to have $5 million by retirement is not goal setting. Although it might sound like I have a goal, not developing a realistic path toward fulfilling it will, unfortunately, turn my supposed goal into what it really is--a pipe dream. And pipe dreams are rarely realized. Goals, however, when properly set can usually be met. Goal setting is the term commonly given for the process of setting and working towards specific, defined goals. Pretty simple really. What is difficult, however, is getting people to sit down and actually do it, even though it fits with human nature. When we want to go on a trip, we look at a map and plan our route. If we get lost, we recheck our map. When we want to build a model, we orderly follow the steps. When all is done, our human nature wins out: we reach our destination, and the model is correctly built. By learning the skills of goal setting, developing success habits, and maintaining a goal-setting routine we can have the map to success. A map that will guide us straight to the achievement of all the goals we desire and deserve. Where Do I Start I started by getting it into my mind that I deserve success /complete my certification, and that success is something I can achieve. I have a strong belief that I can reach this success, and prepared to determine the path towards that success. I am willing to accept that I can finish the certification, and I'll enjoy being successful, and I am willing to es... Goal setting Essay -- essays research papers Why Should I set my goals? Saying I’m going to have $5 million by retirement is not goal setting. Although it might sound like I have a goal, not developing a realistic path toward fulfilling it will, unfortunately, turn my supposed goal into what it really is--a pipe dream. And pipe dreams are rarely realized. Goals, however, when properly set can usually be met. Goal setting is the term commonly given for the process of setting and working towards specific, defined goals. Pretty simple really. What is difficult, however, is getting people to sit down and actually do it, even though it fits with human nature. When we want to go on a trip, we look at a map and plan our route. If we get lost, we recheck our map. When we want to build a model, we orderly follow the steps. When all is done, our human nature wins out: we reach our destination, and the model is correctly built. By learning the skills of goal setting, developing success habits, and maintaining a goal-setting routine we can have the map to success. A map that will guide us straight to the achievement of all the goals we desire and deserve. Where Do I Start I started by getting it into my mind that I deserve success /complete my certification, and that success is something I can achieve. I have a strong belief that I can reach this success, and prepared to determine the path towards that success. I am willing to accept that I can finish the certification, and I'll enjoy being successful, and I am willing to es...

Hayeks Contribution to the Business Cycle Essay examples -- essays pap

Hayeks Contribution to the Business Cycle Friedirch August von Hayek was born in Vienna on May 8, 1899 and died on March 23, 1992, in the city of Freiburg in Breisgan in Germany. Hayek was a central figure in 20th-century economics and he represented the Austrian tradition. After Hayek served military service, he became a student at the University of Vienna where he got his doctorate in law and political science. In 1923-4, Hayek visited New York and then returned to Vienna where he continued his work. Hayek became the first director of the Austrian Institute for Business Cycle Research in 1927. He also gave some lectures in England at the London School of Economics in 1931. In England, he participated in such debates as monetary, capital, and business-cycle theories during the 1930s. Hayeks' contributions were very important. To describe, business cycles, one has to examine the historical record of a nation's overall economic performance. "It is a pattern of long-term growth marked by alternations of expansion and contradiction. These recurrent alternations above and below the long-term trend are business cycles" (Outhwaite, 55). The term "economic fluctuations" is used to describe the same phenomena. Economists have distinguished many cause of the business cycle. There are some factors outside the economic system and those within it. Outside causes such as war and major inventions are referred to exogenous factors. Whereas "endogenous factors belong to the internal working of the economy itself and its tendency to fluctuate over extended periods" (Outhwaite, 56). Before World War II, the emphasis was put on endogenous factors, and thus theories such as monetary; overinvestment; underconsumption; psychological were more important than others. In general, all cycle theories involve some kind of cost maladjustment. F. A. Hayek was one of the many economists who, indeed, explained overinvestment theory in a monetary sense. Overinvestment theory is related to the overproduction-type theories. Those theories include consumer goods, capital goods, or investment of money or credit. "They may stress fixed capital against circulating or liquid capital" (Haney, 667). However, the overinvestment theory assigned a crucial role to the acceleration principle, according to which "a mere decline in the rate of increase in business sales could gi... ... Butler, Eamonn. Hayek: His Contribution to the Political and Economic Thought of Our Time. USA: Universe Books, 1985. 8-10. Colonna, M., Hagemann, H., and Hamouda, O. Economics of F.A. Hayek. (Vol.2, pp xii- xiii). Edward Eglar Publishing Limited. England. 1994. Haney, Lewis H. History of Economic Thought. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1949. 667-84. O'Driscoll, Gerald P., Jr. Economics as a Coordination Problem: The Contributions of Friedrich A. Hayek. Kansas City: Sheed Andrews and Mcmeel, Inc. 1977. 9-11. Outhwaite, William and Tom Bottomore. The Blackwell Dictionary of Twentieth- Century Social Thought. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1993. 55-57. Palgrave, Robert Harry Inglis. "Friedrich August von Hayek". The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics. (Vol. 2, pp. 609-10). The Macmillan Press Limited. USA. C 1987. Palgrave, Robert Harry Inglis. "Ricardo-Hayek effect". The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics. (Vol. 4, pp. 198-99). The Macmillan Press Limited. USA. C 1987. Spiegel, Henry. The Growth of Economic Thought. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1971. 543-44. Tomlinson, Jim. Hayek and the Market. London: Pluto Press. 1990. 5-6.

Passion for Baseball

â€Å"What is one thing you are passionate about, and why? † Around this time in September, thirteen years ago, I saw a beautiful event happen. I was sitting in front of the small television in my living room and I witnessed Mike Piazza hit a homerun in Shea Stadium. At that moment, I was hooked for life. The game of baseball is rich in history and full of legends, yet is still accessible to almost anyone on this planet. For me, baseball is more than a game; it's a lifestyle.I began playing T-ball at the raw age of six years old and advanced to a new level of play every year. My passion for baseball flowed through my body more and more as I dvanced to new levels of play. However, being on the field was not the only place that cemented my love for America's pastime. In fact, the front of my TV actually influenced me a lot. I would watch almost every depressing Met's game and sit in front of my computer playing two-dimensional Backyard Baseball 2003.Thank god my brother shares m y enthusiasm or who knows what sport I would be playing right now. Year after year, there is something special about baseball that has kept me fascinated. I think there are many reasons why baseball captivates millions of people around the world. I think one of the reasons is that baseball is an eerily perfect game. How did the inventors of baseball know that 90 feet between each base was the perfect length? There are countless plays that come down to a matter of inches.Baseball is often referred to as â€Å"the game of inches† because a matter of inches can be the difference between being safe or out, or even a win or loss. Another reason I like baseball is because I truly believe it brings people together. Just think about twelve years ago today (September 1 1, 2011). Planes crashed into iconic buildings in New York City and Washington D. C. When baseball started back up again, guess who was there to throw out the first pitch in Yankees Stadium? Our president, George W. Bus h. He threw an impeccable strike and the crowd went wild.Through all of the grieving and horror of that week, New York had something to cheer for again. I still get chills Just thinking about that special day. It's magical moments like that, that make baseball so extraordinary. Baseball is often referred to as â€Å"America's Pastime†. I really like that saying because baseball is engrained in America's history. I think its funny that baseball almost has a history as vast as the United States. The idea of playing catch in the backyard or going out to the ballpark with your family is etched into my idea of America†.As a kid that loves the idea of America, it seems fitting that baseball is part of my life. The history is another aspect that keeps me playing. Abner Doubleday first adapted baseball from the British game, â€Å"Rounders†. From then on, baseball has evolved into the modern game that I have grown to love. When I visited the Baseball Hall of Fame, I real ized how important the history was. Every time I step on a baseball field, I think about the other people hat have stepped on a similar field in the past.I think of heroes like Jackie Robinson and Ty Cobb, but I also think of soldiers in World War II that continued to play overseas. I feel honored Just to think that I am playing the same game that they myself not playing baseball and it makes me nauseous Just thinking about it. Like I said, baseball is part of my lifestyle. Even shopping for baseball pants or cleats gets me excited. During my lifetime, I guarantee that I will flip on the TV every morning and watch the highlights of every game, Just like I did as a kid. My passion for baseball will never stop running through my veins.

Develop positive relationships Essay

Learning Outcome 1 : Be able to develop positive relationships with children and young people. 1.1. . Explain why positive relationships with children and young people are important and how these are built and maintained. Developing a positive relationships with children and young people is extremely important as it could impact hugely on their learning, development confidence and skills learnt as they grow. Nurseries and schools have allocated key workers assigned to develop a bond, care for the childs welfare and liaise closely with parents of the child. Children and young people thrive in all stages of learning and development if a positive relationships are in place and maintained. Children and young people need to feel comfortable with the people around them and one another. This will build confidence and encourage them to try new areas of learning at every stage of their development. If relationships between parents, care providers are positive the child will feel secure and can easily separate from parents when needed. Children are more likely to want to participate and enjoy activities if the feel happy and safe in their environment. Positive relationships also alleviate to some degree negative/unwanted behavior, as caregivers are more likely to recognise the initial signs and meet the child’s needs prior to any adverse behavior. Verbal communication between child and adult will also help the child develop language skills and the confidence to express themselves. Practitioners/care providers should try to recognise a child’s needs by their emotions/facial expressions. Knowing the child well – their interests/likes and dislikes will enable the practitioner to responding to its needs and emotions, plan for the child’s future developmental needs and build strong positive relationships. 1.2. . Demonstrate how to listen to and build relationships with children and young people. When building relationships with children we first need to get to know them – how they like to communicate – this may be through facial expressions, body language and gestures especially in the very young. They need to feel  confident and secure within that relationship. When trying to build relationships practitioners need to be consistent and fair – listening to the child and understanding the message they are trying to portray. Children need to know their feelings are important and their needs will be taken into consideration. Practitioners should ensure that their own emotions/feelings (having a bad day/quite and withdrawn) are not transferred on to the child. Building good relationships with parents is important as they too need to feel that they and their children are being treated fairly within the setting and that everything that can be done is being done to assist their child. Being able to identify and sort out conflicts and disagreements fairly and calmly will develop trust between adult and child and will teach the child how to respond to future disagreements with other children. Respect and courtesy should be shown to children and young people at all times to that they may in turn learn how to develop these skills when interacting with others. Practitioners can being to teach children from a very young age how to respect other people (feelings and emotions)/their belongings/teach good manners and how to act in an appropriate way. If children are spoken to warmly, encouraged and shown respect they will in turn develop these skills for themselves. Valuing and respecting individuality will help children to develop their own strengths, talents and attitudes and be accepting of another childs individuality. Allowing children to explore their individuality will show that we respect and are comfortable with their differences and encourage them to try new activities/skills which they may also enjoy. Show that we all accept and encourage individuality in people. To feel secure children need to know that they can rely on their care providers. We should therefore honor all promises and commitments made. Forgetting a promise or changing our mind may cause a child to distrust or become wary of adults. They may feel let down or disappointed. Keeping a check on the way we interact with young people, monitoring their reactions to us will indicate if we need to change our approach or way of teaching. Some children are sensitive, some outspoken and confident etc. Once we know the child we should then adapt our approach accordingly. Maintaining confidentially is extremely important when working with children and young people. Children need to know that they are valued and respected and that if they have worries or concerns they can talk with an adult confidentially. However, circumstances where abuse/neglect have taken place or are suspected, care providers have a duty to report the situation to the appropriate person thereby protecting the child. Documents/reports should be kept locked away. Permission should be sought prior to photographs/information being shared. Personal information regarding a child or young person should not be discussed /given out unless requested by professionals or appropriate authorities. Parents also need to feel that their information or conversations will be treated with respect and confidentiality. Consideration should be given to how care providers speak and give direction to children and young people. Responses should be appropriately given so the child does not feel intimidated or ordered. Children should always feel protected and secure in their environment. 1.3. . Evaluate own effectiveness in building relationships with children or young people. I believe I am able to build positive relationships with children and young people. With younger children, having a calm and gentle manor, making eye contact (at the childs level), expressing concern when needed will begin to form a positive relationships. When possible new children arriving at my setting are offered one to one time so that a strong initial relationship can begin to develop. Spending time with them alone, showing an interest in their skills/activities, encouraging and playing with them whilst trying to form a special bond with the child will help them to see me as a person  they can trust and someone who cares about them. Babies need physical contact to build a relationship – cuddling and talking gently to will reassure and settle . Babies will often cry as they need to be comforted, others may need some kind of interaction for a while. Getting to know the baby, understanding its body language and responding to its needs will help form and build a trusting r elationship. With older children I believe taking an interest in their abilities and skills, talking about their hobbies, listening to them, praising and giving encouragement, showing approval enables me to build strong relationships. Learning Outcome 2 : Be able to build positive relationships with people involved in the care of children and young people. 2.1. . Explain why positive relationships with people involved in the care of children and young people are important. Positive relationships are important because personal information has to be shared regarding the childs education and well-being. Good communication is essential to allow various carers/agenices/schools etc to communicate and pass on accurate information. It allows a childs care to be consistent, identifies needs, monitors the childs progress and ideas and skills can be shared regarding the child. It also shows the parent that professionals and carers alike are all working towards the development and well being of their child. 2.2. . Demonstrate how to build positive relationships with people involved in the care of children and young people. To ensure that positive relationships are maintained all parties concerned regarding the development and needs of a child should be invited to comment, offer advice, make suggestions and pass on information to plan for the immediate and future needs of the child. There are various ways that all parties who have an interest in the child can be kept in the loop – on-line communication, meetings , telephone, written reports etc. Sharing and  recording information is fundamental to a childs progress and to ensure all needs are met. Parents hold valuable information regarding their child so should be kept informed of decisions made regarding their childs emotional and educational development. – their opinion sought and be allowed to contribute in the decision process. Parents should be invited along to meetings, regularly updated and be given the opportunity to talk with all parties involved in their childs welfare. Confidentiality should be remembered at all times.